How far does the form and structure of the city together with its Essay

How far does the form and structure of the city together with its transport network influence individual travel patterns - Essay Example Perth, Western Australia is one of the most densely populated regions of the continent. Perth is the capital of Western Australian province. Perth is located by the side of River Swan. The total population of Perth is more than 1,700,000. Like most of the densely populated cities in the developed world, Perth has a very well developed and well planned public transport system. Majority of the people in Perth use ferries, buses and trains as their chosen mode of transport. Transperth is the organization which supervises this public transport and the routes, while Transwa provides routes to the rural and sub urban area around Perth. Public transport Authority operates Transperth. The mode of transit only includes ferries, busses and trains, as mentioned earlier. This brand, Transperth, was launched in 1986. Although the control was initially under Metropolitan transport trust, and Western Australian government railways, it was later transferred to Department of transport, in 1993. Perth is divided into 9 fare zones. These zones are created keeping the distance of a place from the city centre in mind. All three transit services offered by Transperth cover Perth city up to Wundowie in the East of the city, to Fremantle in the west, up to Mandurah in the south and up to Two Rocks in the north of Perth City. The central business district of Perth has 15 bus stations and 70 railway stations. The time tables are color coded and thus the routes are easier to understand once a person understands the color codes. City centre is a Free Transit zone, where one does not need to pay a fare to travel. Overall, the transport infra structure in Pert is well developed. Keeping the growth of population in mind, the government has planned forward to accommodate the future requirements. Modes of transit most frequently used in Perth: It is a fact that the form and structure of the city together with its transport network influence individual travel patterns. Travel to work (includes multi-mode journeys) Perth 2006 2001 Enumerated data number % Perth Statistical Division % number % Perth Statistical Division % Change 2001 to 2006 Train 79 3.2 4.3 47 2.8 3.8 32 Bus 142 5.8 4.2 80 4.8 3.7 61 Tram or Ferry 6 0.2 0 3 0.2 0 3 Taxi 101 4.2 0.2 93 5.6 0.2 8 Car - as driver 616 25.4 63.0 447 26.7 63.2 169 Car - as passenger 130 5.3 5.8 107 6.4 5.7 23 Truck 6 0.2 1.0 3 0.2 1.2 3 Motorbike 5 0.2 0.6 0 0 0.5 5 Bicycle 20 0.8 1.0 11 0.6 0.9 9 Walked only 676 27.9 2.1 318 19.0 1.8 358 Other 172 7.1 1.1 116 6.9 1.4 57 Worked at home 67 2.8 3.6 72 4.3 4.1 -5 Did not go to work 371 15.3 11.5 357 21.3 12.1 14 Not stated 36 1.5 1.7 20 1.2 1.5 16 Total 2,426 100.0 100.0 1,673 100.0 100.0 753 Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing, 2006, 2001, 1996, and 1991. NOTE: Table totals may not equate with other similar tables due to  randomisation  of small numbers. Please refer to the  specific data notes  for more information. Looking at the abo ve table, few very important findings can be noted. First of all, it is important to note that the 2006 figures show that around 27.9% of the people taking part in this survey walked to work. This means that the structure and form of city definitely has its impact over the way people choose their modes of transit. People living near the central business district or metropolitan Perth prefer to walk to work if their offices are located at a notable distance. The high percentage of people walking to work also shows a trend that people either try to find work at some place close to their residence, or they shift to reside at some place close to their work place. Another important aspect clearly visible from this table is that the trend of using own cars for going to work is on the rise. This is because of the fact that people are generally busier now, and also,

Comprehensive Performance Evaluation Process Research Paper

Comprehensive Performance Evaluation Process - Research Paper Example With this concern, this paper intends to describe a comprehensive performance evaluation process that would result in performance change of the faculty as well as the staff members at a particular educational institution. Discussion Critical Analysis of the Comprehensive Performance Evaluation Process After acquiring a brief idea about the procedure of comprehensive performance evaluation, it can be affirmed that it is the teachers and the students belonging to a particular educational institution who are mainly assessed in a comprehensive evaluation procedure within the background of educational settings. According to Verma (2013), it can be observed in this similar concern that there are certain major factors that underline the effectiveness of certain goal settings such as performance-enhancement objectives especially in the field of education. As noted by Verma (2013), the factors comprise assisting the educational instructors or the teachers in their career planning along with p rofessional advancement, supporting those individuals who are involved in making effective decisions concerning the management of teachers and enhancing the quality of the teachers. Furthermore, Verma (2013) also recognized certain other significant factors that largely emphasize the effectiveness of certain goal settings such as performance-enhancement objectives in educational settings. In this regard, as highlighted by Verma (2013), these factors entail identifying proper programs associated with staff development, validating selection procedures of the teachers, evaluating introduced staff advancement programs and creating along with developing a database particularly for educational institutions. On the other hand, it can be argued that there are certain crucial factors that have been apparently observed, affecting the effectiveness of certain goal settings such as performance-enhancement objectives related to education field by a certain extent. In this regard, Beletskiy (2011 ) identified these factors to comprise deterring the responsibilities that are ought to be performed by both the students and the educational instructors for the students as well as deficiency in the capability towards supporting a favorable initiative and adoption along with execution of ineffective management related techniques. According to Verma (2013), the above discussed crucial factors might be duly considered as the readiness of the educational institutions for change. Beletskiy (2011) argues in this similar concern that the urgency or the keenness towards making effectual changes throughout the educational institutions is essential for such changes to become much effective (Beletskiy, 2011). Thus, it can be affirmed that the identification of the aforesaid factors would eventually ensure moderate growth or change in the performance-improvement objectives of the educational institutions by a considerable level.

Why is southern literature so obsessed with slavery and racial Essay

Why is southern literature so obsessed with slavery and racial difference Discuss in relation to three texts studied on the module. (Literature of the American - Essay Example Slavery was introduced into the United States by English settlers who first arrived in Virginia in 1619. It was estimated that the number of slaves {all of African descent} was 645,000 at that time. Slavery became legal in the United States. Slave owners were predominantly white, while a few American Indians and still fewer free black slaves were also known to own slaves. Even one of the country’s Presidents {Thomas Jefferson [1743 – 1826]} kept slaves in his household (Wikipedia.org). The people living in the Southern states practiced slavery much more than those in the Northern states of the United States. In 1860, by which time the original black slave population had grown to 4 million, the United States census found 95% of them lived in the Southern states comprising 33% of Southern population, as compared to forming just 1% of Northern population. By that time the Southern states had grown immensely wealthy due to flourishing plantations run with very cheap black slave labour. Slaves were also widely used as household servants (Wikipedia.org). Southerners were guilty of meting out harsh and inhumane treatment to black slaves. Slaves were widely ill-treated; slave supervisors were empowered to whip and extract maximum labour from them, slave hunters were employed to catch runaway slaves and punish them brutally, slave families were cruelly torn apart when members were sold off to distant new slave owners, female slaves were openly used by their owners for sexual gratification, children born of slave women {whether fathered by male slaves or their white owners} automatically inherited the mantle of slavery from their mothers. The entire series of racial discriminatory practices was authorised by Slave Codes that empowered and protected perpetrators of such practices (Wikipedia.org), and supported by the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 that declared that helping runaway slaves in any way was considered a crime (Stowe 75). The

Research Paper Lawsuits Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lawsuits - Research Paper Example Yet it would not be long before the Pinto was everything but amusing to Ford Motor Company. There had only been twenty-nine months between Iacocca’s decision to manufacture the car and its introduction for sale. That is a very short time in the design and manufacture of an automobile, as the average timeframe is usually between four and five years. Yet the race was on, and as a result, design flaws were no doubt inevitable. And there was a flaw on the Pinto: the gas tank was placed behind the rear axle, making it extremely vulnerable to rear collisions. Some would later call the car a rolling bomb. Thirteen year old Richard Grimshaw found this to be an all too painful fact. On May 28, 1972 in San Bernardino, California, the boy was a passenger in a 1972 Pinto that was hit in the rear by another car. The Ford burst into flames, the driver was killed, and Grimshaw suffered burns over ninety per cent of his body. His family and the driver’s heirs filed suit against Ford (C raig, â€Å"Grimshaw and Grays..†). In 1978, the jury awarded Grimshaw $2.8 million in compensatory damages, which is not shocking considering the by then the young man had suffered through over seventy surgeries. Yet the surprise of the verdict was the fact he was awarded $125 million in punitive damages, a record breaking award that based on 2012 dollars of $440 million would be astronomical even in today’s tort happy environment. The case was eventually settled for something over six million dollars (Dunn, 2000). II. Risk Management for Lawsuit Prevention It was not the fact that the Pinto was inherently dangerous in its design that inflamed the Grimshaw jury; it was Ford’s own greed. The Company knew about the flaw as early as the pre-production stage, yet had issued what was referred...Ford could have saved all of the headaches it wound up if it had only instituted the tiny eleven dollar modification to the car during the design process. Iacocca was never t old about the flaw and probably did not want to hear about it, insisting the car be 2,000 pounds and sell for $2,000. Yet later he said in his autobiography that â€Å"Honesty is the best technique I use†. He also said something that was chilling, that one should be willing to sacrifice to accomplish his goals. In the Grimshaw case, Ford would have been well-advised to try to settle the suit way before the trial. Perhaps they did, for a ludicrous sum. As far as the car itself, Ford kept it around for nine years, but shortly after the criminal case concluded, the Pinto slid into the history books with over two million units sold. Ford probably eventually made a profit with the car, but it is continually on everybody’s â€Å"worst cars ever† list. Yet it should also be noted that its chief competitor, the Chevy Vega, also appears on those lists, mainly for reliability issues.

Final Project on Maternity Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Final Project on Maternity Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Final Project on Maternity Fashion" concerns the maternity fashion. The idea of maternity wear in the modern sense of the word came first time around the middle of the 19th century when it was thought that such unmentionable circumstances as pregnancy had better stay hidden. This idea then evolved into a whole industry curtailing to the need of the modern pregnant woman. It offers women who are pregnant comfortable, trendy and everyday maternity clothing. The most inconvenient thing during pregnancy is the process of modifying dresses to the ever increasing stomach or choosing what to wear that would not look like a tent. Today a pregnant woman does not need to wear her husband’s clothes to hide her which will male her look dowdy and uncouth. Also she does not need to wear dresses made as if there was only one standard model called pregnant and nothing else. In the contemporary world, the options for pregnant women to choose from are humongous. Maternity clothing un derstands that some women like to show off their bump while other modest conservative women might think otherwise. During the nine month period of pregnancy women undergo several bodily changes. Till the first three to four months, for most women, this change is not apparent. However, from the fourth month onwards changes become unmistakable. The belly and hips begin to enlarge, for most women, there is a swelling and the body begins to bloat. Maternity clothing is manufactured to cater for the expanding breasts.... Obviously it also caters for the bump that is sitting out in front. Amongst pregnant women, some of them might have brownish or yellowish patches known as "mask of pregnancy," on their faces. There might also be some dark lines in the center of their lower abdomen. Also there is darkening of the skin of the nipples, external genitalia, and anal region. The above symptoms are a result of changes in the hormones during the pregnancy. The pigmentation might not be even in nature; therefore, the skin may darken in the areas where the patches appear. This pigmentation cannot be prevented but its effect can be minimized applying sunscreen and avoidance of ultraviolet rays. Acne is another skin problem during this nine month cycle because the skin oil production increases. It is not only pimples which appear on the face or the body, but moles and freckles which had been lighter earlier might darken in response to this increase in oiliness. The area around the nipple also darkens in color which is permanent. But all the other skin problems disappear after delivery. SWOT ANANLYSIS S-Strengths Our maternity line focuses on developing a relationship with the customer. It is one-on-one basis, where customers' needs are individually catered. The life span our product line is not short as the clothes bought during pregnancy can also be utilized afterwards with provision of pre- and post-natal services. A customized line for our customers is also developed, to fulfill their special needs accordingly. This customization can be done on the basis of color, design, size, texture or any other feature that the customer may require. The focus is not just maternity clothing, but out brand aims at the emancipation of the pregnant women with full range of

Pornography Should Be Free

Pornography Should Be Free from Government Control Essay Whether one feels strongly about the viewing, making and distribution of pornography by consenting adults, one cannot argue that sex isn’t everywhere. Evident in videos, movies, pictures, and advertisements, it’s a fact that sex sells. Who is to say that because pornography can be viewed easily in many ways, that it’s not a bad thing? Yet in the discourse of pornography as a whole, where does morality and money come into play? To whatever extent pornography is considered immoral; everyone should be entitled their own intellectual freedom. The government has made some steps in order to limit the spread of pornography, yet it is apparent that little can be done to ultimately affect it. In 1968, the Supreme Court case of Ginsberg v. New York held that the government can legally prohibit children from accessing certain types of sexually explicit material, the same material that can’t be banned for adults. Even though the Supreme Court ruled that a minor does not have the constitutional right to the same content as an adult, the task of restricting content on the internet is shaky, due to the difficulty of distinguishing adults from children. In 1973, a following Supreme Court case, Miller v. California, established the phenomenon of â€Å"variable tolerance†. Leaving a variable tolerance existing for explicit material, the Supreme Court allowed communities to decide what was indecent or obscene. Different levels of tolerance of pornography from community to community could be a successful system if in fact, pornography distribution can be limited community by community. Because people are mobile and the internet is boundary-free, the government cannot effectively restrict its availability to everyone (and possibly to anyone). Another notable court case involved with pornography was the 1982 case, Ferber v. New York. This case basically addressed all material showing a ‘sexual performance’ by a child under the age of 16, as obscene. It defined a sexual performance as, â€Å"actual or simulated sexual intercourse, deviate sexual intercourse, sexual bestiality, masturbation, sado-masochistic abuse, or lewd exhibition of the genitals.† It’s a federal offense to knowingly receive child pornography. According to the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, â€Å"intellectual freedom is the right of every individual both to hold and express opinions and to seek and receive information.† The freedom of an adult to view pornography involving other adults is not really recognized as a recreational activity, mainly because it is scorned upon in many religions. Even the majority of parental figures in the world seem to demonize pornography when raising their youth. Yet no one really steps back and asks, why exactly is pornography immoral? One of the major arguments towards pornography being immoral is that in many pornographic depictions, people (usually women) seem to be victimized for a viewer’s pleasure. The only difference between an African American woman playing a role as a slave in the civil war era, an African American woman posing in shackle-like bracelets in a skinny jean advertisement, and an African American woman in a pornographic film, is that each different role requires certain talents and understandings that come together in order to entertain an audience. Immoral or not, pornographic material is nothing more than another way to make money. It’s seen or referenced to in many advertisements, and it’s difficult to find an â€Å"R† rated movie with out at least one nudity scene. Once again, sex sells. Wherever there is demand, there will be supply, and the statistics behind internet pornography are somewhat staggering. According to Information Science professor and researcher, Paul F Burton, â€Å"47% of the 11,000 most popular searches on the Internet are targeted towards pornography.† The money aspect of pornography is almost incomprehensible. There are over 1.5 million internet users viewing pornography every minute. From that audience, $3,075.64 is spent on pornography each second, and every 40 minutes, a new pornographic video is made in the United States alone. The market for pornography is huge.

Standardized Testing Essay Example for Free

Standardized Testing Essay Are you one of the many students who cram in hours upon hours of studying the night before an exam that has been stressing you out all week? You wake up the next morning nervous and full of anxiety, just to take the same test as everyone else, under the same conditions as everyone else. Sounds fair right? Well I don’t believe it is, and here’s why. Standardized tests were made to test the knowledge of a student over a particular course or subject. The ACT and SAT, for example, are composed of four multiple choice sections usually including math, english, science and reading. Well here’s the funny thing, everyone is different. Some students thrive at written tests where some students fail. Some students are better at presentations where other students are not. Because of the differences in student’s ability to learn and retain information caused by many different teaching methods and criteria covered, standardized testing has become an unreliable way to measure a student’s knowledge and should be replaced by other means such as using e-portfolios or performance based assessment. Some of the main problems with standardized tests such as the ACT or the SAT include trying to accurately measure a students knowledge over a particular set of subjects and a phenomenon involving teachers called â€Å"teaching the test†. In a 2013 speech to the American Educational Research Association, Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said â€Å"State assessments in mathematics and English often fail to capture the full spectrum of what students know and can do,† he said. â€Å"Students, parents, and educators know there is much more to a sound education than picking the right answer on a multiple-choice question† (Evans). I completely agree with Arne Duncan on this matter. On a typical standardized test you have about a twenty five percent chance of getting the answer right. Potentially, you could have a student who does not know the material at all, but could guess right on more than half the answers and get credit for it. Being a student who has taken the ACT more than once, I can honestly say I feel like the ACT was a poor representation of my knowledge over the subjects tested on. Now with the phenomenon called â€Å"teaching the test† which is where teachers center their curricula around state tests, students become subject only to material that will be found on the test. This not only causes teachers to lack creativity within the teaching of the course, but also causes students to become limited to learning test taking skills. Even though standardized testing can be harmful to student’s creativity, there are some alternatives to this problem. One alternative to standardized testing, relating to the SAT and ACT, would be the use of electronic portfolios or e-portfolios. Terrel Rhodes, vice president for quality, curriculum, and assessment at the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC;U) says that â€Å"E-portfolios provide a means for collecting assigned work, as well as students accomplishments in non-classroom settings, so that faculty, internship supervisors, and others can assess it and aggregate or disaggregate the results, depending on the purposes of the assessment† (1). Basically e-portfolios would be a collection of student’s individual work throughout the year, organized into a folder that the teacher would have access to at all times. This folder would help the teacher view how each and every student learns and give an overview on how much each student took away from the course, what not to teach in the following years and what to cover more heavily. This alternative is more effective and personal than a standardized multiple choice test because it gives the teacher a chance to personally view how each individual student is progressing throughout the year. In terms of college admissions, if your portfolio was shared with the colleges of your choice, it would allow college admissions to see your progress throughout the year. So instead of just seeing an ACT test score that a student could have potentially guessed on for more than half the answers, they would be able to see a portfolio showing how well equipped and prepared for college the student is. It would be a great way of telling if the student would be a good fit for their program or not. Given the knowledge at hand, I believe e-portfolios would be a great alternative to standardized testing. Another alternative to standardized testing is performance based assessment. â€Å"Performance assessments measure skills such as the ability to integrate knowledge across disciplines, contribute to the work of a group, and develop a plan of action when confronted with a new situation† (Brudali). This differs from standardized testing in the fact that teachers focus more on the process of learning, where standardized testing focuses on the product. Instead of using tests that are multiple choice that require a student to choose the one correct answer, performance based assessment often times uses group projects, hands-on projects, essays and verbal presentations to determine a student’s knowledge and skills over a particular set of subjects. Another advantage to performance assessment is that â€Å"Performance assessments provide teachers with more information about the learning needs of their students and enable them to modify their methods to meet these needs† (Wren). Teachers actually try to assess each and every students learning process and direct the class accordingly, letting students take away more from lectures. Having this type of assessment in high school would benefit students tremendously in college. Having experience with verbal presentations and hands on projects will provide the student a head start with skills you need for college. These skills would be used for interviews, group projects in labs and speeches given throughout the years. Performance based assessment would tremendously benefit and prepare students for college and would be a great alternative to standardized testing. Knowing that there are already proven solutions to standardized testing, let me ask you why you are still taking them? Studies have clearly proven that standardized testing is an inaccurate and unreliable way to display the knowledge of students. Not only that, studies have also proven that different methods such as e-portfolios and the performance based assessments are a more accurate and effective way of displaying a students knowledge over various subjects. So why don’t you take initiative? Join a club like student council, a club where you have a say with what goes on with your school and the decisions being made. Start a petition against standardized testing and let students get involved. Not only that, let your community get involved. Tell your family and friends about the disadvantages of standardized testing and its inability to measure students’ knowledge. There are many ways you can get involved in your school and community to have a say in the decisions being made with problems such as standardized testing. All you have to do is take initiative and act upon it. With all the knowledge at hand, I truly believe standardized testing is a terrible way to reflect a student’s knowledge and there are many alternatives that can be provided in place of it.