Focus on the learner Essay

A. Learner’s profile Virginia is a 29-year old native Spanish speaker born in Madrid. She is currently studying a professional training course and works as an animal caretaker. She is one of the A2 or Elementary proficiency level students of the Celta Teacher Training Program at International house Language School. She took part of the same program two years ago, but she didn’t continue studying English afterwards. Virginia studied English in primary and secondary school following a traditional teaching method, which used grammar as the starting point and foundation, for the development of all language skills — speaking, listening, writing, and reading, however there was relatively little focus on speaking and listening. As reported by Virginia, she was exposed to explicit information about the structure of the language and to rules that she had to internalize through repetitions and direct translation with little or no opportunity of participating in activities that encourage meaningful communication. This situation hindered the development of her speaking skills, and made her fail in her attempts to attain the necessary fluency and confidence to successfully communicate in English during her trips abroad. Knowledge of grammar without meaningful practice of the language is ineffective, as Jim Scrivener says: â€Å"There is no point knowing a lot about language if you can’t use it (which sadly, has been the experience of many language learners in the past – able to conjugate a verb, but unable to respond to a simple question)† (Scrivener, 2005; 146) As a result of the different frustrating situations she had to face when trying to make herself understand in foreign countries, and due to her love for travelling, she developed an intrinsic motivation to study English. She thinks English is a lingua franca that opens doors to other cultures, on the contrary, she doesn’t have any extrinsic motivation as she doesn’t need to speak English for any other purposes than socializing and travelling. She is a participative student who has never missed a class. Her favorite  activities are the ones that foster speaking skills, especially role-plays or discussions in groups, because they give her the opportunity to interact with her classmates and communicate in real time about real or similar to real life situations. Virginia’s learning style is visual; a technique she uses in order to spell words is seeing the words in her head and she can better understand and remember explanations by writing them down or looking at pictures and diagrams She claims that one of her strengths is her knowledge of grammar rules associated with verbs conjugation; specifically the use of simple present and present continuous and adds that writing is the easiest among the four language skills, because writing tasks provide enough time to brainstorm and choose the correct language to express her ideas. Among her weaknesses she mentioned her lack of fluency, because she has not time to think on the grammar rules when she speaks, especially when talking about a past event, as she hardly ever knows whether the verb she wants to use is regular or irregular. B. Language problems and Solutions Analyzing Victoria’s output in class I could notice that she has two evident language problems; one of them is the use of simple past of irregular verbs, and the other one is the differentiation of the vowel sounds /aÉ ª/ and /É ª/. I find these problems in the grammar and pronunciation areas very interesting to analyze, because both of them are very common in Spanish native speakers learning ESL, therefore, finding engaging and interesting activities to overcome them could be helpful in similar cases in the future. Examples and solutions for the student’s language problems in the different areas are exposed below: Grammar: Virginia struggles with using irregular verbs in the past  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I ´m learning to surf. I buyed a surfboard. I ´m loving it although I’m not very good.† â€Å"The teacher who teach me English when I was a child was not  strict† â€Å"I lose the train this morning† (neither the correct word has been chosen in this case â€Å"miss†, however, I only focus on the verb) In order to help Virginia with her problem in this grammar area, I have decided to use the activities of the lesson â€Å"Girls’ night out†; unit 5, pages 56 and 57 of the Elementary student’s book â€Å"New English File†, Oxford University Press. The subject of the lesson revolves around a group of young female journalist for a famous women’s magazine who are asked to go out for the evening with her girlfriends, and then write a report about their experiences. The topic is engaging, as it suits Virginia’s age, gender, interest (tackles some cultural matters of different countries) and is quite close to her cultural background, considering that Spaniards are very sociable and much of their life is lived in the streets. The material exposes the student to the structure through reading, listening and speaking activities. Virginia will have to deduce which are the past tense of a set of irregular verbs from the text in order to do exercise 3A. Grammar (look at the reports again and find the past tense of these irregular verbs), and then listen and practice the pronunciation of the verbs in exercise 3. B (listen and check, practice saying the verbs). She will also have the opportunity to fill in sentences with the correct form of the same irregular verbs in exercise 3C 1 and listen these verbs within a meaningful context in exercises 4 B and C (Listen to Silvia talking about their girls’ night out). In terms of speaking, the student will have to use the simple past of irregular verbs in the exercise 5C (Think about the last time you went out with friends, look at the questions and plan your answers) Virginia will have plenty of opportunities to see and use the target language as in real life communication. 1: This exercise send the student to the explanation on page 130 (5C) and to the exercise on page 131 (5C) Pronunciation Virginia struggles with discriminating the /aÉ ª/ and /É ª/ sounds. : â€Å"I filled in a registration form for a diving school†: /ˈdÉ ªvÉ ªÃ…‹/ â€Å"The school has wifi† /ˈwÉ ª fÉ ª/  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The school has a library†: /ˈlÉ ªbrÉ™ri/ To help her to differentiate the pronunciation of the vowel sounds /aÉ ª/ and /É ª/. I have chosen the lesson â€Å"Wine, win†, unit 5 of the book â€Å"English Pronunciation in use†, Cambridge University press; pages: 30 and 31. Besides providing explanatory pictures of mouth modulation for a better pronunciation (Section A and B), it offers exercises that focus exclusively on the different pronunciation of minimal pairs, which usually confuse nonnative speakers, as Spanish does not differentiate between long and short vowels. Minimal pairs effectively facilitate pronunciation acquisition. â€Å"When learners compare and contrast discrete sounds in the environment presented in minimal pairs, the importance of these sounds in denoting word meaning is transferred to their mind naturally. Experience shows that ―pronunciation classes†¦ make students more conscious of their own pronunciation and aware of ways in which their pronunciation differs from the model offered† (Rajadurai, 2001: 14) Virginia will have to spot the /aÉ ª/ sound among minimal pairs in exercise A and the /É ª/ sound in exercise B. The student will also have to discriminate and identify the words that have the/aÉ ª/ or the /É ª/ vowel sounds in exercise 11.1. (Make words with these beginnings and endings and write them in the correct part of the table) and in the exercise 11.2 (Read the dialogue. Circle the sound /aÉ ª/ and underline the/É ª/). Despite the fact that this material doesn’t approach pronunciation within a context similar to real life, it offers a lot of practice opportunity, which in my opinion as a nonnative speaker of English is essential for the reason that Spanish phonological system is significantly different from that of English, particularly in the aspects of vowel sounds. Conclusion Virginia’s English lesson at school were focused on talking about the language rather than on talking in the language; as a result, we can deduce that she was not exposed to proper and useful input since these type of classes do not require that teachers be experts or even fluent in the  language. However, her motivation, along with the use of relevant and meaningful materials as the ones presented in this essay can help her to improve her language skills and attain proficiency in English as a result. References Hancock, M (2003) English Pronunciation in Use. Cambridge University Press. Oxenden, C, Latham-Koening, C and Seligson, P. New English File, Elementary Student (2007). Oxford University Press. Scrivener, J (2005) Learning Teaching, A guidebook for English Language Teachers. Second Edition. Macmillan Books for Teachers. Rajadurai, J. (2001). An investigation of the effectiveness of teaching pronunciation to Malaysian TESL students MacMillan Dictionary : http://www.macmillandictionary.com/

Dying a noble Death Essay

â€Å"Dying a noble death† Introduction            Death is inevitable and everyone must be ready to face death. The author of, â€Å"If we must die† makes use of different literary devices to describe death and to encourage people to be brave and not to fear death. People should not just die like hogs or dogs although human beings are far outnumbered by death, they must remain brave to face death when it comes. Death does not have shame, it gets whoever it wants and at the time it best things is right. Death is a coward since it cannot come to people when they know or when they expect. Analysis of the Poem            The poem by Mr. Claude McKay, â€Å"If we must die†, written to urge the black people to fight for their freedom against the oppressions of the whites, portrays different literary devices used to bring out the message of the poem to the reader (Charters, and Samuel, 896). The various devices used in the poem include allegory, rhyme, metaphor which involves animal imagery, as observed in various likes through the use of different words such as â€Å"hogs,† in line 1 and other words such as â€Å"hunted, † â€Å"penned,† which are found in line 2 (Charters, and Samuel, 896). Furthermore, the author uses words such as â€Å"mad and hungry dogs,† and â€Å"bark† found in line 3 of the poem, â€Å"monsters,† in line 7 and the word â€Å"cowardly pack† in line 13 to show animal imagery for the reader (Charters, and Samuel, 896).            The use of hyperbole is observed when the author writes the words, â€Å"If we must die, let it not be like hogs† found in line 1 of the poem as well as, â€Å"and for their thousand blows deal one death-blow† in line 11 (Charters, and Samuel, 896). Furthermore, the author of the poem has used onomatopoeia which is observed through the word â€Å"bark† (Charters, and Samuel, 896). To make the reader more intrigued and part of the poem, the author poses a question that is rhetorical which is found in line 12 where he says â€Å"What though before us lies the open grave?†            The use of this question is intended to act as a reminder to the reader that death is inevitable and everyone will face death at one point in life and what do human beings face to lose when they die? The author of this poem uses most of these literary devices as a way of creating a sense of urgency so that the reader is always ready and aware of the happenings in life and about death (Charters, and Samuel, 896). The author has also written the poem using 14 lines in addition to the rhyme scheme which has been used of ababcdcdefefgg hence making it a Shakespeare sonnet (Charters, and Samuel, 896). The other literary device the author has used is repetition which is seen through words such as â€Å"If we must die† which has been repeated in the poem two times in line 1 and line 5. Conclusion            Every human being is bound to face death when their time comes. This does not mean that people should not be ready and do their best to fight against injustice and oppression which leads to the death of human beings. By using the different literary devices, the author of the poem encourages people to be brave against death and should not fear when they are faced with circumstances. References Charters, Ann, and Samuel B. Charters. Literature and Its Writers: A Compact Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. Print. pp.896, Source document

Gibbs Reflection Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Gibbs Reflection Model - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that reflection is an introspective study not only about ourselves but also about the decisions and actions we pursue. Reflection is crucially important in various areas of study or in the workplace to help us to reflect on our thoughts and actions which would, in turn, facilitate improvement through assessment. Reflection can be defined in many different ways – For example, Boud aptly defines reflection as ‘an important human activity in which people recapture their experience, think about it, mull it over and evaluate’. In the context of learning, reflection is viewed as a term in which people can assess their experiences.In the opinion of Margaret, it is suggested that reflection allows the interconnections between observations, previous experiences, and judgment to come to the fore in clinical decision-making. Reflection serves to bring insightful meaning to our experiences and promotes a deeper understanding and bet ter approach to learning because it encourages trainees to reframe problems, questions their own assumptions, and look at situations from multiple perspectives as they analyze their lived experiences. Reflection fosters lifelong learning because it encourages trainees to recognize gaps in their own knowledge and attend to their own learning needs by searching for possible solutions. From a learning point of view, we understand that reflection enables learners to reflect and develop critical thinking skills which are not only important but essential to clinical decision-making and practice. It also encourages learners to take control of their own learning needs, facilitating their professional development, problem-solving, and lifelong learning. The use of journal writing as a means of promoting reflection and learning in educational settings has been widely advocated

Description of the Technical Evolution and Trends in the Future for Essay

Description of the Technical Evolution and Trends in the Future for Petrol and Diesel Fuel Injections Systems - Essay Example The paper also discusses the various mechanisms that result in low or high cylinder pressure, provides a brief on the global warming phenomena as the increased use of automotives contributes to the green house gas emissions and finally a note on the issues related to automotive fuel systems. Introduction Fuel injection system, which has become a major form of fuel delivery used in automotive petrol engines, involves injection of fuel into an internal combustion engine. From the late 1980s this fuel injection system has replaced the carburetors, which was till then the most widely used in engines. Most of the fuel injection systems are designed and calibrated to handle gasoline or diesel applications specifically. The advent of the electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems has enabled the use of similar hardware for both diesel and gasoline ("Fuel injection", 2010). The EFI system uses a solenoid-operated injector to spray the atomized fuel into a 3-inch manifold near the intake valve. This technique is not being commonly employed in several vehicles or in some cases the air and fuel is directly injected. This system mainly depends on the injectors which come in various designs, cylinder pressure, fuel line pressure and other similar factors. ... \\ Carburetors A basic model carburetor consists of the following components: Fuel tank that stores the fuel fuel lines or pipes that carry the fuel within the system a pump which passes the fuel from the tank to the engine fuel cleaning filter system that supplies clean air a  carburetor  that mixes the incoming fuel and the air and it also control the amount of mixture entering into the engine the intake-manifold to supply the mixture to the engine. Inside the carburetor the liquid fuel is converted into a fine spray which mixes with the air. A correct amount of this mixture is supplied to the engine via a throttle valve connected to the accelerator or gas pedal. Of the various models, the down-draft carburetor is very common while the side-draft model is not widely used nowadays. In the down-draft model the carburetor is placed on top of the intake manifold and it consists of a floating bowl for the fuel. A tube immersed into the fuel passes the fuel into the discharge nozzle placed at the other end in the venturi. The venturi is narrow and is shaped in a way that will enable the air to pass at a fast speed. This set up can be compared to the wings of an aircraft the shape of which causes the air to flow at a higher speed that creates an area of low-pressure than the atmospheric pressure. This difference in pressure provides an upward trust that lifts the aircraft. This phenomena is referred to as the 'Bernoulli effect' and in the case of the venturi the end of the nozzle protruding into the airflow is an area of low-pressure compared to the fuel injected into the float bowl. This pressure difference causes the fuel to flow from the nozzle which atomizes as it mixes with air. The air-fuel ratio required by a light vehicle is about 15:1 which is terms of weight is

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 46

Homework - Essay Example This implies that a trainee needs to be careful when executing tasks and possess the highest mental strength to tackle difficult situations. Similarly, sociability trait is the ability to accommodate divergent views from others while extroversion enables one to be sociable. Sincerity to experience is the sensible and creative nature of an individual to come up with new strategies. The problems that occur in organizations due to a self-enhancement phenomenon include making of poor decisions and being overconfident in all situations. This implies that employees can overestimate the possibilities of attaining their ideas because of the positive elements and strengths they possess. In this regard, organizational leaders should ensure that their employees understand their weaknesses instead of focusing on the positive attributes only. Value congruence is relevant regarding organizational against professional values in that it eliminates confusion and conflicts of interests. This implies that a professional shares similar values and objectives to those of the organizational missions. It can also contribute to higher job satisfaction, allegiance and organizational citizenship because a professional is able to execute his skills without conflicts or problems with the management. High power distance and collectivism are cross-cultural components that illustrate the nature in which individuals in a certain society accept unequal power distribution. The implications of this information are that employees value submission to authority and are comfortable getting commands from their bosses without deliberations. As a result, when a senior executive visits another country, he or she will not face resistance from employees who observe a different

NO TOPIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NO TOPIC - Essay Example There are many ways to success as demonstrated by "A Rice Sandwich" by Sandra Cisneros, where she demonstrates some of them with substantial backing in the process of writing the story. The first means of making it to the end without having to do much is blackmail, which is portrayed thoroughly with different character sin the story, which shows different types of blackmail and how they are used to the advantage of the characters using them. The first case is emotional blackmail, which appears to be the most effective means of making it to the top without investing oneself heavily in the issues that matter. This occurs through establishing an emotional connection and using it to one’s own advantage, where it is applied at the right time to exert the most pressure on the subject to give in to one’s demands. As such, the story depicts this with clarity, where the persona of the story uses tears to will the parents into submission, as there is no desire whatsoever to have lunch at school. The second use of tears as a form of blackmail is portrayed in the nuns’ cases, where tears are the only thing that come out of the persona in the story, when the nuns want the persona to engage in an activity (Cisneros). Consequently, emotional blackmail is an effective way to be successful by wooing people to avoid emotional pain or even sympathize with one’s emotional pain, where crying is now the means of blackmail against subjects in power. This also acts as a form of manipulation, where there are several incidences in the story showing how manipulation serves to achieve success. This leads to the second form of blackmail, which involves having damaging information on someone and using it to one’s advantage as is seen in the case of the nuns against the persona. The nuns ask the persona, where they live, where the persona points to dilapidated apartments, leading to shame and embarrassment, this proves the use of information to exert power against other people and to have one’s way with rebuttal or consequences. The consequences are borne by the person, on whom compromising information exists, leading to their full cooperation and even fulfillment of one’s wishes. The above two-mentioned form of blackmail are also mentioned in "The Circus" by William Saroyan, as means of getting being successful, where information is applied to manipulate individuals to achieve their potential. "The Circus" by William Saroyan portrays information as a way t success, where individuals use information as a motivating factor to work hard or harder in order to ensure that they are successful. Louis Dagget uses information as his path to success, where he takes to heart the words of his superiors in ensuring that he gets to be a lion tamer (Beckhoff 20). Consequently, information becomes as a means of success, where he now seeks to work in a circus irrespective of the position, but as part of the circus crew altogether; furth ermore, means of achieving success are through undermining one’s confidence, which is different from blackmail. Undermining confidence serves as a means of being successful by demeaning one’s sense of self-worth leading in a person giving up his or her standing or position. Undermining one’s confidence dwells on the weaknesses that one has and knows about himself or herself. As such, â€Å"A Rice Sandwich† portrays this way of achieving succ

Potassium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Potassium - Essay Example Hyperkalemia is the increased serum levels of potassium in excess of 5mg/100 ml. Potassium is critical for the functionality of the heart, muscles and nerves, thus an increased level of potassium would result in muscle weakness, oliguria, respiratory distress, decreased contractility of the heart and hyperreflexia or flaccidity of the skeletal muscles. Hyperkalemia is caused by dysfunction of the kidney, adrenal gland disease or cell shift of potassium, from cells to blood circulation. Hypokalemia is the low concentration of potassium in the blood; less than 3.5mg/100ml. Hypokalemia is caused by insufficient dietary consumption of potassium, gastrointestinal fluid loss and urinary loss especially when one is on diuretics. Hypokalemia presents with signs and symptoms of muscle weakness, abnormal heart rhythms, tremor, flaccid paralysis hyporeflexia and constipation (Jung et al., 2009). A nurse must be very vigilant in monitoring for signs of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia to enhance early management of the condition. This would include the action of the nurse to periodically monitor vital signs, heart rhythm, cardiovascular status and the abdomen for signs of distention, bowel sounds and pain. The nurse would then notify the physician of the abnormal findings that are an indication of either hyperkalemia or hypokalemia. The physician would the order appropriate medication for the treatment of the condition. During the course of management, the nurse would engage the patient and the family on health education in relation to the condition as a means of preventing reoccurrence of the condition (Porth, 2011). Alderman, M. H., Piller, L. B., Ford, C. E., Probstfield, J. L., Oparil, S., Cushman, W. C., †¦ Davis, B. R. (2012). Clinical significance of incident hypokalemia and hyperkalemia in treated hypertensive patients in the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial. Hypertension, 59,

Techniques of Selling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Techniques of Selling - Essay Example Blades & Razors is Gillette's leading business division, accounting for around 41% of sales. Division growth for the year, at 11.9%, was slightly down on 2003 (12.6%); however, performance should still be considered strong given the increase in competition, in particular from Energizer's Schick Quattro 4-blade razor product. Driving growth was the company's continued investment in product innovation, its ongoing focus "trading up" to premium, higher margin products and growth in emerging markets. A notable increase in advertising also contributed. Major product launches during the year were the M3 Power razor and the Venus Vibrance razor for women. Blades & Razors accounts for by far the largest proportion of operating profit, at 63% in 2004, at US$1.6 billion, due largely to higher sales and margins. Performance in 2004 represented an increase of 14% over 2003. Operating profit fell slightly in 2003 chiefly due to a US$50 million charge relating to the realignment of the European manufacturing and distribution operations. Focusing on Gillette's core sectors, its primary interest lies in men's razors and blades in which it was ranked number one in the world in 2004 with an increased market share of 65.5%. Gillette competes with Energizer Holdings, which was ranked second in 2004, with a market share of 15.3%, and Bic, in third place with 4.8%. Although its strong performance in 2004 meant that lower placed rivals had little chance of making up ground, razors and blades witnessed intensification in competition which while not causing Gillette to lose ground stopped its ascendancy. In late 2003, Energizer launched its Schick Quattro 4-blade razor product despite an attempt by Gillette to halt the market entry through the law courts. As a result, following three years of market share gain, Gillette recorded stagnation in 2004. Gillette responded to this launch in 2004 with a new introduction of its own, presenting the M3 Power product, a battery powered wet shaving system, in North America in May 2004. The product has since been given a wider global roll-out. Gillette have launched their new product, it's a partially new product called the Mach 3, it has had minor changes from their existing product the Sensor Excel, and they have invested heavily in the development and launch. Although this is really just a product improvement on their old razor through continuous development, Gillette has also incorporated room for product additions. This could be seen as repositioning their old product. Gillette gives continuous innovation to their products, whether it's a new product line or a new product all together. Why launch a new product I hear you say, consumer needs haven't really changed, and nothing has created new consumer needs, Gillette must have accessed competitor activity and realized a decline in the market of there existing products. There existing razor had gone through the product life cycle, it had been introduced, experienced growth, reached maturity and then entered a decline. Description of the launch strategy Gillette has identified the potential of the new product. They have analyzed the competition and technology, and taken into account the consumer problems, behavior

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder Essay Example for Free

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder Essay The Diagnosis and Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder Introduction            Antisocial (dissocial) personality disorder is a person-oriented disorder which is majorly characterized by a universal pattern of violating other people’s rights.            It is a mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of altering, exploiting, or violating the rights of others (Franz, 1993, p.4).            It is said to begin in childhood or early adolescence and continues all the way into the adulthood stage. A person suffering from antisocial personality disorder can be identified after noting a gross disparity between the person’s behavior and the prevailing social norms.            Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder:            Persistent attitude of irresponsibility and failure to regard the social norms, policies and duties. Marked readiness to blame other people for the behavior that is responsible for the person being into conflict with the society. Extremely low level of tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for discharge of aggression, with violence included. Conspicuous lack of concerns for the feelings of other people in the society. Lack of adequate capacity to gain positively from experience, more specific punishment.            Generally, the treatment and diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder can be viewed from several different perspectives; depending on the major factor associated with the disorder.            Despite the fact that, conduct disorder is different from antisocial personality disorder, the presence of conduct disorder in either the childhood or the adolescence stage may in one way support the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. The diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder is majorly based on behavioral patterns and personality traits of the person (.Frownfelter, Donna, Elizabeth 2006, p.61).            The diagnosis is somehow faced with a critically complex situation that inhibits its success; it is very difficult to obtain a reliable measure of personality traits. The diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder can be effective after a few conditions have been met; the person must be at least 18 years old before the diagnosis. There should also be evidence of conduct disorder in the person as a child, whether or not it was ever formally diagnosed by a professional. In the general population, antisocial personality disorder is found to be more prevalent in males than in female with a ratio of 3:1, thus careful investigation should be made to the male population as it is more vulnerable to the disorder. Similar to most personality disorders, antisocial personality disorder will generally decrease in intensity with age; with the people in the 40s and 50s experiencing few of the most extreme symptoms of the disorder. The diagnosis of antisocial personality disorde r is specifically done by a trained mental health professional, for instance, a psychologist or psychiatrist. This type of psychological diagnosis is beyond the level that can be addressed by family physicians and general practitioners due to inadequate skills to perform the operation. There are no; genetic, laboratory, or blood tests that are used in the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorders. Most of the people suffering from antisocial personality disorder, generally, do not often seek out treatment until the disorder significantly starts to interfere or in other words impact a person’s life. This in most cases happens when the coping resources of a person are stretched too thin to take care of stress and other life events. In the diagnosis process, the mental health professional compares the person’s symptoms and life history with the majorly known symptoms of antisocial personality disorder. The conclusion from the comparison will make a determination of whether your symptoms meet the criteria necessary for an antisocial personality disorder diagnosis.            The major causes of antisocial personality disorder are most likely due to biological and genetic factors, social factors (for instance, how a person interacts in his or her early development with family and friends and also other children), and psychological factors (the individual’s personality and temperament, modified by their environment and acquired coping skills to cope up with stress. If a person is suffering from antisocial personality disorder, from analytical researches, there is a slightly high chance of â€Å"passing down† the disorder to his or her siblings (Barron Frank, 1963, p.87). Psychotherapy            The treatment of antisocial personality disorder majorly involves the employment of long-term psychotherapy with a therapist equipped with enough experience in the field of this disorder.            The population that is suffering from antisocial personality disorder experiences a state of lacking connections between feelings and behaviors. The practice of helping the subject population on how to draw the lines between feelings and behaviors is of great benefit to the people suffering from antisocial personality disorder. In the treatment of antisocial personality disorder, threats are never an appropriate motivating method; by threatening to report their noncompliance with therapy to the courts or warden. However, it is appropriate to put more efforts to assist the people suffering from this disorder find better reasons that may be needed to work on this problem; for instance, submitting themselves to additional psychological examinations. The effective psychotherapy treatment for antisocial personality disorder is limited. Psychoanalytic approaches that reinforce appropriate behaviors and trying to make connections between the person’s actions and fe elings may be of greater assistance.            Emotions usually form a key element of treatment of antisocial personality disorder.            Patients often have had little or no significant emotionally-rewarding relationships in their lives.            In the treatment of antisocial personality disorder, a very close therapeutic relationship can only occur when a good and solid rapport has been established with the client and he or she can trust the therapist implicitly.            The issue of confidentiality is highly preserved in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder.            Since the clinician has to occasionally report on the patient’s progress in therapy, this should be done in a way that does not reveal the significant details of the therapy. The limitations of therapy should be discussed with the patient up-front, in a clear manner, to avoid later misunderstanding. The patient’s emotions form the basic platform of consideration from which various emotional states, like depression, are experienced. This calls for the clinician to be supportive and empathetic to the patient during this time (Gazzaniga, Heatherton, 2006, p.38).            Dealing with â€Å"safe issues† and discussing more real-life concerns, (one way of treating this disorder), is rather less effective in long term behavioral change as compared with an approach emphasizing the discovery and labeling of appropriate emotional states. The therapist should usually take a neutral stance in the matter of interacting with the authority figures. Often people suffering from antisocial disorder find themselves in a group setting, simply because they are not given any choices of treatment. This inhibits treatment, since in most of the groups the individual can remain emotionally-closed and has little reason to share with others. Family therapy is of great assistance in boosting education and understanding amongst the family members (.Frownfelter, Donna, Elizabeth 2006, p.84).            Philip W. Long, M.D. adds, †This confusion, guilt, the temptation to make restitution for the patient’s criminal acts, and the frustrations of working with someone who is seen to be quite ill but who will not be treated should all be discussed openly with family members.† Hospitalization            Antisocial personality disorder can also be treated through hospitalization even though, inpatient care is rarely appropriate. With this type of disorder, loss of freedom is one of the major characteristics and it may be more of a motivating factor than in other personality disorders; thus some specialized treatment facilities have commenced to treat people suffering from this disorder. This method utilizes a strict behavioral approach of placing patients on a token economy mainly considering their treatment progress. Little research has been conducted to confirm the long-term effectiveness of this method. As with other treatments of personality disorders, this method focuses on feelings and connecting antisocial behavior to appropriate feeling states. Since inpatient programs are found to be intensive and expensive, the treatment gains are maintained by the community follow up and support, either by the hospital or professionals, or with the use of self-help suppo rt groups. Medication; no research has suggested the effectiveness of medication in the treatment of this disorder.            Medication should only be used to treat clear, acute and serious Axis concurrent diagnoses (Kirk, 2005, p.101). Self-help strategies            Another method for the treatment of antisocial personality disorder is self-help strategies.            This method involves very few professionals hence it is often overlooked by the medical profession. Groups tailored specifically for antisocial personality disorder can facilitate the implementation of this method especially for the people with this disorder.            Individuals suffering from this disorder feel more at ease to discuss their feelings and behaviors in front of their peers in this type of supportive modality. Usually a group is of great help and beneficial to most people suffering from this disorder, only when they overcome their initial fears and hesitation to join such a group. There are several support groups existing in different parts of the world to help those who are affected by this disorder and share common experience and feelings. In a general field of view, antisocial personality disorder can be best managed if the affected are in a good rank to interact amongst them bravely (Barron Frank, 1963, p.98). Outpatient Therapy            Outpatient therapy is another method in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder even though it is found not to be very successful in the treatment.            This method is commonly executed with the children with the following specifications:-Have experienced serious injuries with them, are undergoing learning difficulties, arte experiencing some problems in the execution of their daily living obligations, have chronic as well as acute conditions that in one way or another inhibit their development (Zarit, 1980, p.76).            The treatment of antisocial personality disorders by the method of outpatient therapy involves a team of specialists conducts the exercise of evaluating each and every affected child after which a personalized treatment plan is formulated. The formulated team may comprise of highly skilled personnel such as; Language pathologists; whose main task is to evaluate the children’s communication with the world. Occupational therapists, who evaluate self care skills in the children with several types of diagnoses, and various levels of disabilities. Recreational therapists, whose main duty is to enhance and encourage high level of functional independence, leisure activities, and recreation via various techniques such as; group recreation and field trips, adaptive equipment specialists, who work in conjunction with the other therapists to establish a better way to assist the children in achieving their set of realistic goals. This is majorly achieved via the exercis e of designing and fabricating special equipment or improving the status of existing equipment. Physical therapists also form a major component of the formulated team since they aim at enhancing the children’s flexibility and mobility via play and exercise (Mann, 1989, p.56). Schema Therapy            In addition to the so far discussed methods of treating antisocial personality disorder, schema therapy is another effective method to serve the same purpose.            Schema therapy is an integrative approach to treatment that unites the best aspects of cognitive behavioral, interpersonal and psychoanalytic therapies into a single compact model.            It is best remarked to help people to change negative patterns with which they have long-lived.            The deeper patterns that are mainly targeted by this method in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder are enduring and self-defeating schemas which are said to begin early in life.            These patterns majorly comprise of dysfunctional thoughts and feelings; which pose obstacles for accomplishing one’s target goals as well as satisfying one’s needs. These patterns are worsened by enduring in most of the schema beliefs which in turn lead to enhancement of the antisocial personality disorder. This method (schema therapy) of treatment aims at assisting the affected person to disintegrate these negative schemas of thinking, behaving and feeling; (which are known to be very tenacious), to develop healthier alternatives to substitute them (Wade, Tavris, 2000, p.49). Stages of schema therapy            Firstly, the assessment phase; in this stage, schemas are identified during the initial sessions. Questionnaires can also be used to get a clear picture of the constituent schemas involved.            Secondly, the emotional awareness and experiential phase; in this stage, patients get in touch with the respective schemas and acquire some knowledge on how to deal with the schemas when they are carrying out their obligations in their day-to-day life (Vreeswijk, Broersen, 2012, p.128).            Thirdly and lastly, the behavioral change stage; this is the focus stage during which the affected person is actively involved in substituting negative, behaviors and habitual thoughts with new and healthy behavioral patterns.            On a broad base, the goal of schema therapy is to assist patients to have their core emotional needs met. This is achieved by learning how to carry out the following practices:-            Heal schemas and vulnerable modes by having the needs met in and outside of the therapeutic relationship. Establish healthy behavioral patterns and modes. Abandon the usage of maladaptive coping styles and modes that pose an obstacle to contact with feelings. Adopt reasonable limits for angry, overcompensating or impulsive behavioral patterns and modes.            In schema therapy, an imagery dialogue between the â€Å"schema side† and the â€Å"healthy side†.            Schema therapy interventions are more experiential as well as emotion focused.            They can also be behavioral. Limited Re-parenting is one of the most distinctive and central areas in schema therapy.            According to Myers, 2004, p39, it is known to be the heart of treatment in schema therapy. Research has been conducted and it is clearly evident from the outcomes that; a relatively large percentage of those affected by this personality disorder can achieve full recovery across the complete range of symptoms.            The patients engaged in these studies attributed a great concern of the effectiveness of the treatment and the relatively low dropout rate to limited re-parenting. Limited re-parenting comprises of the establishment of a secure attachment via the therapist. A broadly conducted research supports that secure attachment is at the root of adaptive functioning, well-being as well as flourishing. Most of the maladaptive schemas are found to mainly relate to the state of generally unmet needs in the childhood as well as lack of appropriate relationships (Barlow, David 2001, p.28).            They are generally considered as a pattern of established unstable behaviors to the daily life situations. Maladaptive schemas can as well be bodily sensations associated with traumas.            They have an overall negative result, that is; a person may view him or herself in collaboration with difficulties thus establishing one’s true identity. The antisocial behaviors may also comprise of schema modes; which are found to be emotional states as well as ways of coping which every person must experience in one moment or another. Conducted researches have outcome that; those people who are suffering from antisocial personality disorders in most cases tend to be hypersensitive and may be greatly affected by a simple image or a word of offense (Gelfer, 1996, p.59).            This calls for a special and soft procedure to be developed so as to sort out the issue of antisocial disorders in a non-harassing manner thus more effective methods were adopted to deal with the antisocial disorders. The focus of limited re-parenting extends over a broad range of needs such as early connection, sufficient limits and autonomy. The schema therapy group of treatment resulted in significant reductions in the disorder’s symptoms and global improvement in functioning. A collaborative randomly controlled trial with 14 sites in six countries is further in progress to explore the productive interaction between groups and schema therapy.            Schema therapy is generally cost effective and is much more accurate as far as treatment of antisocial personality disorder is concerned. To conclude, the ultimate goal of schema therapy is to assist patients to have their core needs met. Multisystem Therapy            Furthermore, antisocial personality disorder can be treated using a method called Multisystem Therapy (MST); which is one of the most successful methods for the treatment.            This is an intensive, family-focused and community-based treatment technique for chronic as well as violent youth. This method is goal oriented with its objective being; to help caregivers manage and nurture their challenging adolescents in a much better manner (.Andrews, 1961, p.38).            Juvenile justice is one of the major forms of multisystem therapy; it deals with the problems of adolescents who have significant histories of committing crime. There are other systems whose task is to sort out the situations in other serious behavioral issues; for instance, drug abuse, abuse and neglect, as well as psychiatric disorders. The target goal for this method of treatment is to drastically reduce the antisocial behaviors as well as criminal activity amongst the youth. This is achieved at a relatively lower cost by reducing the rates of incarceration. Multisystem therapy empowers both the youth and the parents with the required skills as well as resources to facilitate independency and establish a way to deal with the complex environment as well as social problems. The method of multisystem therapy was specifically innovated to deal with adolescents’ antisocial behaviors. It typically aims at chronic as well as substance-abusing juvenile offenders aged between 12 and 17 years. This bracket of population is much more vulnerable to out-of-home placement.            Unlike other several methods of treatment where the affected person sees a therapist at a clinic; in multisystem therapy, the therapists go to the subject’s home and community (Levine, Gallogly, 1985, p.39).            This clearly explains why this method is preferred in the treatment to other methods (it has direct exposure to the environment of the affected person hence effective decisions can be made to address the problem. In the process of designing a treatment plan, the multisystem therapists collaborate with parents, caregivers and family members. The plan builds on the strengths of in the family members’ lives; which creates success environment during and after treatment.            Generally, the major obligations of multisystem therapy include:- Enhance family relations, Assist the affected person develop a vocation, Expose the youth to friends who deviate from the antisocial behaviors, Create a support network which in turn assist the caregivers maintain the changes, and advance on the caregivers’ parenting skills.            Conducted research has shown that, multisystem therapy is more effective as compared to other standard treatments. This has been supported by the follow-up studies made with the youth and families. This guarantees the long-term effectiveness of the multisystem therapy. This method of treating antisocial personality disorder has been found to be cost effective as noted from a broadly conducted research over a great extent of the world (.Paris, 1996, p.98). References Andrews, M. F. (1961). Creativity and psychological health;. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. Barlow, David H.. (2001). Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: a step-by-step treatment manual. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press, Print. Barron, Frank. (1963) Creativity and psychological health; origins of personal vitality and creative freedom.. New York: Van Nostrand, Print. Co-occurring conditions toolkit: mild traumatic brain injury and psychological health : concussion, posttraumatic stress, depression, chronic pain, headache, substance use disorder.. (2010). Washington, D.C.?: Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health Traumatic Brain Injury. Franz, M. (1993). Psychotherapy. Boston: Shambhala. Frownfelter, Donna L., and Elizabeth Dean. (2006). Cardiovascular and pulmonary physical therapy: evidence and practice. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier, Print. Gazzaniga, M.S., Heatherton, T.F. (2006). Psychological Science. New York: W.W. Norton Company, Inc.[ Gelfer, M. P. (1996). Survey of communication disorders: a social and behavioral perspective. Gray, P. (1999). Psychology (3rd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Kirk, S. A. (2005). Mental disorders in the social environment: critical perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press. Levine, B., Gallogly, V. (1985). Group therapy with alcoholics: outpatient and inpatient approaches. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. Mann, J. John.(1989). Models of depressive disorders: psychological, biological, and genetic perspectives. New York: Plenum Press, Print. Myers, D. G. (2004). Psychology (7th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Paris, J. (1996). Social factors in the personality disorders: a biopsychosocial approach to etiology and treatment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vreeswijk, M. v., Broersen, J. (2012). The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Schema Therapy Theory, Research and Practice.. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Wade, C., Tavris, C. (2000). Psychology (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Zarit, Steven H.. (1980) Aging and mental disorders: psychological approaches to assessment and treatment. New York: Free Press, Print. http://www.div12.org/PsychologicalTreatments/disorders.htmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/updates/2013/mental-disorders-as-brain-disorders-thomas-insel-at-tedxcaltech.shtml Source document

Of Mice and Men - Character study of Curlys wife Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Character study of Curlys wife Essay The novel Of Mice and Men is set in America and is about two travelling workers who have been chased off one ranch because Lennie, one of the men did not know how to behave himself. Lennie is large, heavy and ponderous and George is small quick, dark, sharp and restless. Another tragedy happens on the ranch like in weed because Lennie used his strength to kill Curleys wife. I can sympathise with Curleys wife although she was a flirt with the other men she was not expecting to be killed by Lennie. We first meet Curleys wife in chapter two. She is described as heavily made up and wears tarty red shoes. She poses her figure outlined in the doorway of the bunkhouse and is always aware that men are looking at her. This makes me think that she is just looking for attention from the men. George shows the reader that he does not like Curleys wife because George tells Lennie that she is jailbait and for Lennie to stay away from her. Lennie sees her as an attractive young lady but she is really just a threat to the men on the ranch. In chapter three there is a big fight involving Curly and Lennie. Curley has not liked Lennie since he was looking at Curleys wife so Curley just lost his rag and started punching Lennie but then Lennie just reached for Curley and just grabbed his hand and started squeezing his hand and his hand crumbled in Lennies hand, George told Curley to tell everybody that he got his hand caught in the machine and that is what he told everyone. This just shows how Curleys wife is acting like a tart and a flirt to get all the men in trouble with Curley.Curley feels insecure because of his wifes behaviour. In chapter 4 Curleys wife was heavily made. I can sympathise with her because all she is trying to do is make some friends on the ranch but every time she tries to talk to someone they all think she is trying to flirt because she is desperate for attention because she has got an unhappy marriage with Curley and that the men think that she is trying to get them in trouble with Curley.I fell sorry for Curleys wife because on the ranch she was all alone. In chapter 5 we learn that Curleys wife had a dream to be in the movies. I do feel sorry for Curleys wife because she could have been in the movies but that was just a pipe dream because now she is stuck on the ranch married to Curley with no friends. Curley and his wife have only been married for two weeks and already they both hate it being together on the ranch. I think Steinbeck is trying to get across to the readers that she has no one in the whole world that cares for her. Her death was brutal and quick, at first lennie was just playing with the pup then he broke its neck and that is what he done to Curleys wife. My final thoughts on Curleys wife is all she was trying to do is make friends on the ranch but she just got pushed out everyone. In chapter six it is hard to feel sympathy for her because she was flirting with the men but she did not deserve to be killed by Lennie. I feel sympathy for Curleys wife although she was a big flirt and she got treated badly by Curley, she did not deserve to be killed. I think Steinbeck included Curleys wife in the story because I think that she makes the story interesting because she is the story.

Comparison of Tesco and Oxfam

Comparison of Tesco and Oxfam FINDINGS: I have chosen two contrasting organizations TESCO and Oxfam. Tesco is a shopping mart where we can purchase our essential things. It can also be define as a global grocery and general merchandising vendor headquartered in UK. Sir Jack Cohen founded Tesco in 1919, when he began to sell extra food stuff from a stall in the East End of London. Tesco first appeared above a shop in Edgware in 1929 and since then the company has grown and developed. Tesco is the third largest retailer in the world measured by income Tesco private limited corporation (PLC) is the biggest super mart in UK which has 29% of shares in market compared to other companies like asda which has 17% shares in market. PLC private limited company and dont allow its shares for sale publically. Plc company makes profit more than public companies. A Plc company has no limits of share and share capital and there is no limit to the members liability because there is no limitation on members liability Purpose of Tesco is to make money and invest and sale quality products. And provide reliable materials to consumers. Why do Tesco exist? Tesco exist to provide the goods and services that people and earning money and profits from business .it provides jobs for people the Tesco provides daily need products . Products that customers demand like food, clothes, Home electircs,Sound and vision ,Bed and bath, Furniture and kitchen, Clothing and jewellery, Toys and gift, Baby and toddlers, Garden needs. Products and services supplied at profit, at cost and below cost. Tesco is getting profit by introducing new brands and also selling goods at lease.tehy are getting profit on products by supplying them to other countries and at whole sale. They can sell products by introducing off packages to customers at low prices for a specific duration which means to make them as a regular customers to gain profit in future. And also out of seasons sale which shows selling at low cost. Objectives of TESCO are as tesco is UKs finest food retailers having 519 stores in England, Wales, and Scotland. And 105 stores in France managed by wine producer and 44 in Hungary managed by international. Tesco offers best reasonable prices. Tesco meets the need of customers opinions regarding advance product quality, choice, store facilities and service Tesco is the main profitable investment with progressive return. Tesco is introducing young talents and sound management of workers and training practices and giving job on marit basis not by personal relations.Tesco maintaining its relationships with product makers supplier on quality and price criteria. Tesco is co operating on making of food in industry. also Providing good environment and protection. Ownership can be defined as Employee or executive who has the principle responsibility for a business, or project The public sector in this type of ownership only British people can get ownership in Tesco to gain profit. Sole Traders controlled and financed by one person. Least expensive form of ownership to organize. Sole proprietors receive all income generated by the business to keep or reinvest. Partnerships contains 2 -20 members who share their assets and profits from business. Public Limited Companies (PLCs) shares to the general public it contains Minimum of 2 but no maximum number of shareholders Private Limited Companies contains financed and controlled by between 2 and 50 shareholders. Franchises .A business which has bought the right to trade under established name in different cities.e.g McDonalds, KFC. Co-operatives it contains Groups of people who enter business and share the benefits customers Co-operatives, Producer Co-operatives, Worker Co-operatives. Charitable trust for helping famines and collect funds from rich .and also receives funds from GOVT. OXFAM It is a trouble reliever organization which includes 14 countries organization with 3,000 partners in around 100 countries to decrease poverty and injustice .It can be define as an International organization which helps and provide training and financial aid to people in developing countries and disaster areas. A UK based organization which was established in the 1942. Oxfam is campaigns, development program and emergency response by co operation of internationally connected associations. Oxfam international was formed in 1995 by an independent non government organization. Development Works with local partner organization And helps poor and poverty. And realizing People Their rights e.g. education, health Emergency Oxfam provides life saving aids during Emergency and help people for Future Crises Campaigning Putting the pressure on leaders to make long lasting change Oxfam International is group of 13 independent association contains Germany Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, , Great Britain, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Ireland, The Netherlands, Quebec, Spain and the United States. Why Oxfam exist? Oxfam exists to make a global impact on the causes of poverty. Today mostly countries areas are facing problems and Oxfam is the most efficient organization to help them. Campaign initiatives, planning and putting into practice new tactics and strategies to spread climate change.oxfam is trying to make relationships globally with international NGOs to develop prosperity. Objectives of OXFAM: Relieve suffering caused by natural disasters.Oxfam supports peace and understanding based upon mutual tolerance and respect. Strengthen peoples capacity to help them. Oxfam works for trade justice, fair trade, education and aid, health, HIV/AIDS, conflict ,campaigning and natural disasters, human rights, and climate change. Oxfams International purpose. The main purposes of Oxfam are Promote, assist and manage relationship between the Oxfam international to do help all disasterd people globall.and earning name at international level And removing poverty OXFAM has its committee in different countries which are as under Oxfam GB (Great Britain) .Oxfam Canada.Oxfam America. Oxfam GB (Great Britain) independent non-profit organization is the biggest family for help and has large capacity of workers and income for famines . In UK OXFAM GB was originated in 1942. Oxfam Canada is first member of Oxfam International, and was developed in 1963.in at start Canada Oxfam faced troubles soon Canada began to analyse its role in the development process. OXFAM in AMERICA an independent non-profit organization was developed in America in 1970 and fight for independence and shelter. Advantages of Oxfam are they dont have to pay tax. they get ready to help other. they receive money from businessman and Government. TESCO Stakeholder Stakeholder can be defined as a person, group or organization that has direct and indirect position in organization. It is affected by organizations rules, polices and decisions. Tesco has many stakeholders. Government, Customers, Employees, Local Community, Suppliers, and Pressure Groups: they all have equal importance in building of Tesco Customers. Usually a customer wants quality goods at a low cost. They would also want a variety of products to choose from key holders Diagram of stakeholder in organization Supplier Owners Government Creditors Customer Directors Workers Community Unions Key stakeholders in a business organization Customers. These are the people who buy products from shops and to save lives of needy people. Customers want reliable products and at low prices. Employees its how you manage in any situation; understand the customer; be first with the customer use your strength to deliver unbeatable value and look after the staff so they can look after the customer, teamwork trust and respect. Directors they are responsible for business objectives and managing all strategic decisions .director holds discussion at board meetings. Where they make strategy for improving business, Managers they are responsible for obtaining goals creating atmosphere of work among workers, each manager has handles accounting, law marketing, and sales production. Suppliers they supply products at commercial level like banking .they supply goods to different branches. Owners they are the business, assets holder, and pay the workers. Pressure groups not put up candidates for election, but seeks to influence government policy rules. Trade unions function is discuss pay and working conditions and creates discipline among workers Employee Associations they set up pay packages and employees for resolving argument. Stakeholders of Oxfam Stakeholder can be defined as a person, group or organization that has direct and indirect position in organization. It is affected by organizations rules, polices and decisions. Volunteers they are the workers who help in building Oxfams strength. Volunteering is a personal Choice, not a compulsory job. Express values in activities that are meaningful. And co operates for helping in medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Campaign supporters The Individuals, celebrities, politicians and organizations across the run campaign for collecting funds and to remove illiteracy and poverty. Individual donors this types of donors can make decisions faster, they mostly work in under developed countries to make them growing countries, and feel this easy to work alone. Donate personally money, clothes for removing poverty. Customers are the main participant in organization. They help by buying food, drinks, and also help organization by used drink bottles and wrappers for recycling and make collection for Oxfam. Without their involvement it is not possible collecting money for Oxfam. Employees they are workers of Oxfam and work in flood relieving, food preparation, palcing people in save places when they get infected. Pressure groups they help in protesting if Government is not funding properly.ank manage strike on roads, institutes, cites and encourage people for infected s help from Govt. FUNCTIONAL AREA OF TESCO Board of Directors Finance department Marketing sales department Production department Finance manager Accountant Marketing manager Area sales manager Sales staff Production manager Production supervisor Production workers Human resource department Human resource manager Clerical assistant ICT department Board of directors people are the people of tesco who have decision-making rights, voting rights specific responsibilities which in each case are separate and distinct from the authority and responsibilities of owners and managers of the business entity. Finance department is responsible of balance sheets, profit and loss of tesco and responsible to keep records of fund and all planning of Tesco financial income and loss. Finance manager duties are to make investment sheets ,financial reports, activities, and implement cash management strategies. Accountant helps managers to make reports, investments (savings), and tax implementations. Handles profit loss details, cost production, financial statements. Marketing sales department function is to understand users needs and fulfil requirements with quality of goods and also pay attention to their demands and fulfil that correctly. Sales manager Sell products and services to the customer for the profit and want to become finest retailer. They make products available for all customers. Production Tesco is to make sure that the goods of Tesco are formed on time and is in a suitable quality for the customers. And maintain furniture. Production managers duty is to handle all kind of goods preparation demands and duration when product will get ready for customers and at given time and at exact time and standard. Production workers made goods according to the user demands and works exactly in uniform way. They have to know all about wht customer wants and what kind of material should use. Human resources keep hold of good experienced staff and only choose hardworking employees and They deal with the recruitment, employees, planning, , training and paying to employees. ICT (International Computers and Tabulators) its main function is to check that all data of Tesco is stored properly. All computer software are working, all business websites are accessing.(tescopls.com) FUNCTIONAL AREA OF OXFAM Oxfam ambassadors Political counsellors Deputy Chief of mission Defence attached Economic counsellor Public affairs Chief security assistant Administrative counsellor Director Counsellor office Agency representatives Director Peace Corps Ambassadors are the highly ranked representative within a nation for other organization. and directly linked by Government. Political counsellors/ Deputy Chief of mission/ Defence attached they all are directly attached with ambassador an communicate all society problem with each other and make decisions Director is a group of people nominated by the owners of a business who have decision-making authority, voting authority specific responsibilities which in each case is separate and distinct from the authority and responsibilities of owners and managers of the business entity Deputy Chief of missionHe or she acts like a ambassador in absence of chief of mission. He handles matter in absence of chief of mission Political, Economic, Public Affairs, Management) at the Embassy,. Director Peace Corps US company that sends American volunteers to developing countries for educational, agricultural improvements. Tesco Mission and values Planning, calculating and the passing of information form rival is called mission. Tescos mission is to earn profit and sale pure goods. And to sale goods online by using website tesco.com and public dealing in good manner to make regular customers and create significance for customers to earn their lifetime reliability. Values Values of an organization defines it standards. They show Respect to each others Try to give their best. Want to be energetic and fit. Tesco strategies to become are successful international trader, to become famous business party. To be good food provider to put community at the heart of what we do. Objectives Tesco increasing customers by offering buy 1 gets 1 free. Tesco offers best reasonable prices. Tesco meets the need of customers opinions regarding advance, product quality, choice, store facilities and service Tesco is the main profitable investment with progressive return. Tesco is introducing young talents and sound management of workers and training practices and giving job on merit basis not by personal relations. Tesco maintaining its relationships with supplier (product makers) on strict quality and price criteria.Tesco is co operating on making of food in industry. Provides good environment and protection Strategic Planning Tesco is trying to make shopping easy and comfortable. Seeking to low price to help people Lessing prices. Smart objectives of Tesco Specific Tesco wants to make profit its sale. Measurable Tesco is leading in business by its major shares in market. Achievable Tesco achieve its goal by increasing its customers and making profits. Tesco has achieved it by good quality products. Realistic Tesco is third big company in world. OXFAM Mission It acts for attitudinal change to facilitate in development, socially and economically. It helps famine and giving life to them. Values satisfactory behavior within organization. Behavior of individuals within the organization. And Flexible commitment. Use time and resources efficiently Strategic aims and objectives Oxfam works for trade justice, fair trade, education and aid, health, HIV/AIDS, conflict ,campaigning and natural disasters, human rights, and climate change. and supporting children by educating them and providing food. Oxfam strategic planning process Oxfam is worlds 3rd largest nonprofit organization and Oxfam strategic planning process is to works for the removal of poverty. To fight homelessness and also for the development of undeveloped area and for progress of organization. Smart objectives of Oxfam Specific Reducing Poverty is specific objective. Measurable Oxfam is responding to 26 emergency situations worldwide. Relevant skills Oxfam is finding people who have skills to tackle problems. Time-based Oxfam includes 14 countries union working in more than 100 countries. M1 Point of Views of different stakeholders Directors the business through meetings with top managers and managing stretegies for progress of tesco.Employees should work hard on making good quality products that will make profit and also increase pay and conditions of Employees and also helpful for safety, health and pension arrangements. Customers views are to getting latest brands and saving by low price products. D1 Evaluate the influence different stakeholders exert in one organization Stakeholders stand for great influence in organization. Developing countries employees make fashionable clothes and brands to exert little power over their employers to give them jobs and getting new products. Owners are the organizations main stakeholders and gain profit and pays all bills and wages to workers and remain profit shares with shareholders directors pay attention to make strategy and decisions regarding organization Government influences by law rights to change behaviour of environmental or health and safety. Employees exert main role in business profit or loss. When the economy is active they work hard and make extra products. Customers also create great influence within an organization by purchasing products from store or online at low prices. Conclusion I was given an Assignment of two contrasting organizations Tesco and Oxfam. I found that both organizations are serving better in their departments and both are for people. in both organizations stake holder are more important participant because if you dont have too many stake holder and your profitable and non profitable organizations will not succeed in their missions. Recommendations I would like to recommend the both different organization one is profit gaining Tesco and nonprofits gaining Oxfam have good customer connection because Oxfam is an international charity which is focused on fighting poverty and providing them shelter.and Tesco is providing daily needs products for customers and also providing funds to Oxfoam so that they can participate in decreasing poverty. So both plays important role for customers.

Brave New World :: essays research papers

Today there are strong debates and questions about the extraordinary breakthroughs in science such as cloning, in communications through the Internet with its never ending pool of knowledge, and the increasing level of immersion in entertainment. People facing the 21st century are trying to determine whether these new realities of life will enhance it and bring life as they know it to a great unprecedented level, or if these new products will contribute and perhaps even cause the destruction of society and life. To many cloning, censoring, and total immersion entertainment are new, but to those who have read Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, the topics are reminiscent of the horror that is found in Huxley's fictional utopian world where the dehumanizing of man is achieved in the interests of "Community, Identity, Stability," the world state's motto. The novel Brave New World shows that in order for a utopian society to achieve a state of stability, a loss of individuality, and the undoing of Mother Nature must occur. Successfully engineering these conditions produces a world where people are finally living "happily ever after," but at a great cost. The time of Brave New World is in the future on the planet earth and it is, a pessimistic accounting of the shape a scientifically planned community would take, of its sterility and human emptiness. Ten controllers of the world states determine all aspects of society. Children are born in state hatcheries where according to what social class they will be, they are given or denied certain elements that are critical to proper development. The citizens are happy and content with their simple lives as it is shown in the novel when it is stated, "We don't want to change. Every change is a menace to stability," therein lies the problem. The key ingredient to stability that the novel implies is that individuality must be absent. The government in Brave New World understands that fact and in the worlds of one of the ten controllers of the world states, "[there is] no civilization without social stability. No social stability without individual stability." The need for stability creates a government which believes that stability can be achieved if people think and look the same. Stability, in effect, demands robots, not people. The main element of what makes a person human and unique are the emotions that inhabit their minds, which they can control to some degree.

The Welfare Problem Essay -- Poor Welfare Government Essays

The Welfare Problem The poor are everywhere it seems. They are on the street corner, in the local 7 Eleven, and in the plaza. Sometimes I get sick of them and even angry with them when they pester me for money. I ask myself, "Is the best way to deal with poor, to give them money from my pocket?" It's obvious that other people have given them money from their pockets at different times. If no one had ever given them money, then these people wouldn't be standing here asking for money. The fact is, many poor people ask for money because they know they can get money that way. For most of the last 70 years our government has indirectly given the poor money from our pockets, through taxes and welfare. Not surprisingly, people have continued to ask for money. For most of those 70 years welfare fed the mentality that the best way to get money was to ask. I believe welfare as it was first started, failed miserably and created millions of dependents in poverty instead of independents above poverty. The welfare r eform of 1996, I believe has helped the poor escape from the trap of poverty and is a more beneficial way of dealing with the poor. The idea of the United States government assisting the poor financially, originated nearly 70 years ago (Modern Welfare Programs). The depression was in full flux and the American people were demanding help from the government. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the first federal poverty assistance act called Aid to Dependent Children Act in 1935 (Background: Time for a new Approach). This laid the foundation of the current government entitlement program now called welfare. World War II brought thousands of jobs to America and slowed the growth of the entitlement program. A vast majority of people were employed either directly by the government or through other war related jobs. After the war the economy held strong for the next ten years (Modern Welfare Programs).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1962, President John F. Kennedy raised the current welfare payments and renamed the program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Kennedy allowed states to require work in order to receive welfare, but didn’t require it. Kennedy also laid out the new goal for welfare in America, it was to â€Å"end poverty, not just alleviate poverty† (Background: Time for a new Approach). Kennedy said welfare should be â€Å"a hand up, not a hand out." Welfare continued to change... ...amilies Program, Fourth Annual Report to Congress). Welfare Reform is causing the poor to work and it is lowering the poverty rate of Children. I believe that the old entitlement programs of the past 70 years led to an unnecessary dependence on the government for many people. Welfare reform has cut dependence on the government and helped thousands of people find work. It has helped people find meaning and value in life and commit less crime. Welfare reform is succeeding and I believe it is more compassionate on the poor person than the entitlement system. Welfare reform has provided much needed help for those poor who need help in finding a job. It also has provided a way for the poor to contribute in their communities and to become independent from the government. It's not the perfect system, but it sure is an improvement on the previous system of endless entitlements, that created over 15 million dependents on the government. As Christians we are called to have compassion on all people and I believe welfare reform is more compassionate on the poor than the entitlement system was. It helps them escape poverty instead of tra pping them in poverty. That is what I call success.

The National Forest Management Act

Writing Assignment Resource Management Policy The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) of 1976 is a federal law that reorganized, expanded and amended the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974, which called for the management of renewable resources on national forest lands. The National Forest Management Act requires the Secretary of Agriculture to assess forest lands, develop a management program based on multiple-use, sustained-yield principles, and implement a resource management plan for each unit of the National Forest System.It is the primary statute governing the administration of national forests. The NFMA had a particular focus in regulating when, where, and how much timber could be harvested and in requiring public involvement in preparing and revising the plans. In 1982 the NFMA published the Planning Regulations, a process that planned to integrate the many interests concerning the forests. There are ten major steps to this process.Identify issues , concerns, and opportunities (ICOs); Develop planning criteria; Collect data and information necessary to address ICOs; Analyze the management situation (AMS); Formulate a broad range of alternatives including a ‘no action, alternative; Estimate the effects of each alternative on the environment, the economy, and society; Evaluate alternatives by comparing how well each resolves the ICOs; Select a preferred alternative; Implement the plan by updating all uses of the forest into conformity of the forest plan; and monitor and evaluate the plan by comparing the actual biological effects of the plan to the projections.The NFMA has started many legal suits regarding the degree of involvement required by both the forest service and the public, but the most famous was the Ohio Forestry Association v. Sierra Club. The Sierra Club claimed that the logging practices allowed in the Wayne National Forest in Southeast Ohio were unlawful under NFMA because the Act requires ongoing input an d management from the Forest Service.The Court rejected the claims of the Sierra Club and stated the Forest Service is not an agency required to perform ongoing action or involvement in the forest plans. BIBLIOGRAPHY: * Pegg, J. r. â€Å"Bush Converts National Forest Management to Corporate Model. †Ã‚  Environment News Service. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. ;http://www. ens-newswire. com/ens/dec2004/2004-12-23-10. html;. * â€Å"National Forest Management Act of 1976. †Ã‚  Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. ;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/National_Forest_Management_Act_of_1976;.

Language Loss

As we increasingly realize that our own self-destruction is inevitable in the destruction of the planet, the insular notion of Western modernity as the height of human progress is finally being questioned. However, the resultant paradox is that although we realize the resultant flaws of depending on one form of progress, the only alternatives that we could turn to are dying off of the face of the earth. Thus the global trend of language loss is an issue incredibly worthy of long overdue attention; it may in fact be our last meaningful alternative to rescue the plight of humanity’s survival.As a repository of knowledge, an expression of culture, and a symbolic embodiment of a way of life, the loss of a language speaks for itself. Although some Aboriginal languages are on the brink of extinction in Canada, regrettably, not many people are listening to the last cries of the voices that are quickly vanishing. I will explore the reasons why this is the case. Firstly I will delve i nto the roots of language, as a vehicle by which the essence of each particular culture comes into coherence in the material world and how its culture’s level of conceit that sustains its insularity.The history of Western culture, as a product of European colonialism and industrial capitalism, clearly exemplifies that its essence and more importantly its arrogance, is fundamentally at odds with a harmonious relationship with the natural world, currently leading to its own detriment. With this colonial mentality in mind, a second aspect I will explore is the stark alternative to this one way of thinking that is exemplified the in the culture of the Squamish people of Vancouver.Thus thirdly, the settlement, industrialization, and current urbanization transforming Vancouver, is arguably augmenting the divide between both ways of being, perpetuating the self-destruction of all people who are at the mercy of the dominant culture’s conceit. Thus I will argue that in contrast to Vancouver’s Aboriginal people’s way of life, the current level of arrogance sustaining the dependence on Western modernity will ultimately, inevitably be the demise of humanity. It is undeniable that language, like all things that humanity has created, is ultimately an invention of natural world.As a watershed of imagination, language tries to make sense of the world and may be understood as the symbolization of the human thought in trying to grapple with the nature of existence. Although these symbols were created in order to mediate and make sense of humanity’s place in the universe, since their creation they have transformed and pervaded human cognition to such an extreme extent as to actually replace inexplicable nature of existence with a false sense of ‘rational’ reality. Symbols, now meaning speech, are a cultural phenomenon fundamental to encompassing what define civilization (Zerzan Language: 237).As much as symbols in any culture try t o grapple with their reality in a complex scientific, or rational sense, due to their inherent detachment from the natural world and intrinsic reductionist nature, all attempts to find the answers of the universe, to fit harmoniously with mother earth will ultimately be at odds with what is in fact, incomprehensible. The seemingly rational is ultimately irrational. The layers of complexity now sustaining the process of symbolization account for an ongoing need to label and thus control what ultimately could never be comprehensively defined. SOURCE). An important element in this process of symbolization is the man-made conception of time. Time is one the earliest layers of symbolization’s complexity that enhanced a constructed nature of reality. John Zerzan notes that time’s fruition accounts for the need to define a sense of ‘progress’ that would dominate man’s sense of history, further alienating him away from the natural world. In a cycle of their own creation and perpetuation, the purpose of civilization has therefore, only been to reinforce itself.The perpetual construction of this notion of progress has ultimately led to the self-induced domestication of the mind, enhancing man’s estrangement from the natural (Zerzan Book: 25). Instead of surrendering to man’s harmonious connection to the inexplicable cosmos and thus accepting his own visceral nature, this false notion of progress has been perceived as an inevitable part of human development. Progress is now out of human control and thus alternative ways of existence are seen as backwards and illogical. Future Primitive: PAGE). The zenith of this sense of progress, is encompassed in the current notion of modernity as it is both the height of this civilization and yet the worst reality that the natural world has yet to endure. The sense of progress has always been subjected to the dictatorial role of arrogance and economics, what Williams calls the â€Å"inh erent dominative mode of thinking†(SOURCE). Economics narrates man’s conception of property in an alchemical mix of human labor on the earth’s soil in the pursuit of material wealth.Excessive material wealth superficially bolsters the sense of privildege, evolving to be better understood as their hubris. The Western cultural lineage that has pushed humanity ‘forward’ depends strict on this mentality, and now there exists a common belief that as Westerners works diligently towards the height of modernity, somehow other cultures in the world have become intellectually idle (Davis 2009: 166). Progress is largely perceived as a rushing current of vim and vigor, with an unstoppable momentum carrying all of us in its wake.Upon arrival in North America, with superiority imbued in their mentality, European colonialists brought a sense of progress to the New World. As both a by-product of their amalgamated colonial imagination and their equally delusional sci entific minds, Canada became a laboratory to be poked, measured, defined and prepared for extraction back to continue the fervent industrialization of Europe (Rigney 1999: 109). The colonial mentality is highlighted in their sense of property. Colonialists believed that property had to be enacted; it is as much a physical reality as it is constant aspiration to control.In their minds, property is a verb that must be put to work in order to define it (Blomley: 566). This is in accordance of the influential perspective of John Locke, who helped to ingrain the belief that if the land was not being used, it is being wasted. Thus the divine commons was rendered private property, â€Å"Eden sank to grief† and our natural world was at the mercy of man’s endless attempt to control and accrue all that they could from their surroundings (Blomey: 561). Just as Language is a creation of the natural world, it is the architect of sustaining meaning for a culture.Therefore in its use , language is also a system of power that allows the meanings imparted by cultural hegemony to endure and endure themselves (Focault: 22). Although this cultural lineage now dominates the world’s sense of progress, not all people believe in this once sense of reality. On the margins of modernity, some people’s resilient existence stands as testimony that this one insular mode of thinking is not be the only way of being, nor is it the best way for humanity to survive (Davis: PAGE).Such people do not feel the need to subjugate and try to feebly control the wonders of the natural world, but rather their existence is at the will of what they realize they cannot control. Instead of feebly trying to control the world around them, they would rather be spiritually submerged in nature’s all-encompassing, inexplicable power (Davis: Page). The Coast Salish indigenous people that have historically dwelled in what is now defined as the city-limits of Vancouver are just one e xample of such a people who’s underlying purpose in life is arguably not at odds with the natural order of the universe.Coast Salish is there common name, however within this label are a number of different cultural heritages that are uniquely defined by both their geographic location and correspondingly, their language. In Vancouver’s major reservations today, such identities as the Musqueam, Squamish and the Tsleil-Waututh peoples still dwell in a miniscule enclosure of their ancient homelands. Although their lands are being encroached on from all sides, they try to uphold the ways of their ancestors as a more visceral reality, that was once so harmoniously in balance with British Columbia’s ecosystem (Baloy: 520).Because of their ancient history of being so intimately tied with their surrounding terrain, these peoples distinct cultures, embodied in their in their oral traditions and expressions of art, encapsulate their belief in humanity’s divine conn ection with the land. Living adjacent to the Pacific, what is mentioned in more than one of these peoples’ creation stories is the belief that the land around them sprung from the rich expanse of water on which they heavily rely (Blomey:). In stark contrast to the European’s colonial conception of the property as Terra Nullius, or that it was there for the taking.The resultant boundaries that European’s created in this region are deeply embedded cultural experiences that had specific meanings for colonist. The concept to divide territories on the ground set limits marking distinct social groups and provide a mental template for categories of control (180). In contrast, Coast Salish peoples believe that the land that they gratefully depend upon came into being for a higher purpose. It was not inanimately waiting for humans to define it or bring it to life, but rather its very existence would be what defined them.Following the creation of land from the ‘mud of the ocean,’ the Squamish Coast Salish speak of an extended period of silence that enveloped the earth, in which humans, if they existed at all, only touched lightly on the land (Hill-Tout 1978: 20). The world in their sense was pure and if humans were there, they did not leave any traces of their settlement along the coast nor did they turn on their environment to accrue a sense of history via material wealth. Their ancestors quietly followed the nomadic paths of existence, dictated by the rhythms of life (566). Territorial connections are underwritten by heir relational epistemology- a way of knowing the world through relations. Their knowledge, use, control and even ownership of the land is based on complex relationship with ancestors and spirits which go to the heart of indigenous experiences of dwelling in that place (Thom 2000: 179). Today anthropologist remark on the sophistication of the Coast Salish economy, political structure and way of life. Virgina Crawford att ributed their civil aptitude to the security of their marine substance, as it allowed them to develop a complicated social system based on inherited or acquired clan rank (299).Although Crawford’s perspective gives credit to the Coast Salish people’s intelligence, it is expressed as both a novelty for Indigenous peoples and is tinged with Western lens of progress as if Coast Salish resource extraction was evidence to their efforts to civilize their society. Ultimately this perspective actually reduces the true intelligence of these peoples, which is beyond what Western science can coherently understand. Due to the fact that their existence is imbued with a spiritual understanding of the cosmos, every aspect of their daily lives revolves around ritual (Crawford: 299).Their devout survival is perhaps best captured in their most visible expression of culture, their art. In correlation to the Coast Salish creation story, their rich motifs are an attempt to imbue the awesom e aura of the natural world into an implicit design. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The main thrust behind the degradation of human diversity is the crude face of privilege. The sense of superiority that some cultures have over others because they see world through a monochromatic lens, and persist in interpreting what their perception through a single cultural paradigm, their own (WF-Davis: 6).Vancouver’s Indigenous Community: Squamish: History, Creation, Art, Knowledge, Colonial Encounter Colonial Encounter: Mentality, Property, Language, ProgressSignificance of Urban environment Each word of even the most remote language is the a resounding testimony of cultural identity, and serves to act as a link connecting people with their past, their social, emotion and spiritual vitality (Norris: 12). (Norris 1998: 8) means of communication, but a link which connects people with their past and grounds their social, emotional and spiritual vitality. Norris 1998: 8) Although loss of language doesn’t necessarily lead to the death of a culture, it can severely handicap transmission of that culture. Modernization vs. Language vitality Without doubt, the forces of dominant languages and modernization exert a strong influence on any minority language. In the case of Aboriginal languages, historical events such as the prohibition of indigenous language use in residential schools have also contributed to this process. In addition, the fact that most Aboriginal languages were predominantly oral may also have diminished, in an already difficult environment, their chances of survival. Norris 1998: 8) Facts as of 1996- The current 50 languages of Canada’s indigenous peoples belong to 11 major language families- 10 first Nation and Inuktitut. Several major dialects within them. (Norris 1998: 9) Largest Language in Canada is Algonquin- 147,000 people Geography contributes to size, distribution of Aboriginal Languages Research: M. Dale Kinka de 1991 â€Å"The Decline of Native Languages in Canada† Root of Language- Geography of Canada- Plains accommodate a large group of people.Soaring mountains and deep gorges tend to restrict settlement to small pockets of isolated groups in B. C- small languages. Salish, Tsimshian, Wakashan, Haida, Tlingit, Kutenai- could not develop as large a population as dispersed Algonquin. (Norris 1998: 9)- Isolation can also play a part (Indigenous Issue) Mother tongue population: those people who first language learned at home, and still understood is an Aboriginal Language. (Norris 1998: 10) Index of ability (Kn/MT)1: compares the number of people who report being able to speak the language as a mother tongue.If for every 100 people with a specific Aboriginal mother tongue , more than 100 person in the overall population are able to speak that language, some clearly learned it as a second language either in school or later in life. This may indicate language revival. (Norris 1998: 10) (Stat) Because unlike other minority groups, Aboriginals cannot rely on new immigrant to maintain or increase their population of speakers, passing on the language from parent to children is critical for all indigenous languages’ survival (Norris 1998: 11) (Indigenous issue)Canada’s Aboriginal languages are amongst the most endangered in the world- significant numbers of languages have either already disappeared or are close to extinction (Norris 1998: 15). Among the languages spoken today 2 out of 50 are viable with a large population base- Large or small viable languages (Norris 1998: 15) (Stat) Research: How the English Language Became the World’s Language- Robert Crum Globish. Revival- Sacred Ways of Life: Knowledge. Chelsea Crowshoe- crowshoe consulting Inc.Everyone is a community or culture, hold traditional knowledge because it is collective- WHO: defines traditional medicine- the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on theories, beliefs, a nd experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as the prevention diagnosis, improvement of treatment of physical and mental illness Traditional knowledge is shared through ways of exchanging cultural and traditional information such as storytelling- (Crowshoe: 2)Language and culture are the foundation of nationhood of First Nation, Inuit, and Metis people. Canada’s cultural wealth is not merely its official bilingualism- or its multicultural tapestry- Aboriginal languages re part of the our mosaic- A number o Aboriginal languages have died (WHICH ONES? ) and more are at risk- 29% of First Nations people can converse in their language- only a few are flourishing: Cree, 85,000 speakers, Ojibway, 30,000 speakers, Anishiimowin 12,5000- Montagais0Naskapi 11,000.Most Inuit can speak one of the dialects of Inuktitut but statistic Canada report a decreasing number using it as the main language at home- Michif- tra ditional language of the Metis These values are associated, amongst other things, with economic reductionism, mechanistic modes of thinking, aggressive individualism and the destruction of community. (Bennett 2010: 9) The residential school system, mobility and more recently, television, internet are responsible for the loss of language. Canada does well on Global Standards- All of Caribbean languages are extinct- half of the indigenous Central and South American languages-Last ten speakers of Nitinat (Ditidaht) or Comox spearks of Vancouver Island 100 Seneca Cayuga or Onodaga speakers of the nearly 4,000 in south Western Ontario Baloy, Natalie J. K. We Can’t Feel our Language: Making Places in the City for Aboriginal Language Revitalization Language Revitalization efforts are overwhelmingly located in rural environment despite the fact that aboriginal people are increasingly choosing to live and rasie their families in urban settings. Youth are anxious to learn language (Bal oy 2011: 515) Emerging language ideologies of urban aboriginal peopleStrong Aboriginal identity and urban lifestyle are mutually exclusive Land, language and identity- how can this be fostered and nutured in urban spaces (Bayol: 516) The sduy of language ideology-has emerged as a mediating link between social structures and forms of talk. Language ideology refers to the social connection people make with the own or other’s languages, dialects of language variations. The fate of many minority language is likely determined to a large extent by ideology (Baloy 2011: 517) Language ideology- rich possibilities for understanding how people think about and value language.Identifying how language ideologies are constructed, maintained and contested can meaningfully inform strategies for language documentation, planning education and revitalization in contexts of language loss. Ideological clarification (Baloy 2011: 517) Contemporary language ideologies evolve out of historical experi ences and are shaped by mainstream attitudes towards language, government policies and demographic changes (Baloy 2011: 517) Government policies perpetuated mainstream ideologies that position English as a powerful international lingua franca and aboriginal languages as outmoded.Aboriginal languages are often unrecognized, unknown, unappreciated by non-aboriginal society. Sensitive to multingualism- most highly educated and politically influential, largely ignorant of the sheer diversity and complexity, the cognitive and cultural richness of the native languages of the First Nations peoples (Baloy 2011: 517) Historical policies and processes have contributed to the devaluation of aboriginal languages in Canada- continue to resonate today.Residential schools, the Sixties Scoop, galvanizce gnificanation of aboriginal- (Baloy 2011: 517) As a result, many aboriginal parents refrained from speaking their heritage languages to their children in efforts to boost their chances for success i n mainstream society- a generation of young Aboriginal children grew up monolingual in English- drop after residential schools. (Baloy 2011: 518) Angered by the loss of language, community leaders seek redress as the loss of language has become a symbol of government oppression and assimilation policies. Baloy 2011: 518) Reclamation of Native identity, pride, decolonization, assertion of sovereignty (Baloy 2011: 518) Henry Davis stated: â€Å"If you talk to anybody on the reserve, the chiefs will stand up and say two things of utmost importance: language and land† Dual significance What bout about Urban Aboriginals? (Baloy 2011: 518) Urban vs. Remote comparison, similarities, contrasts Urban Example: Vancouver Diversity of British Columbia- Western Canada Vancouver is located in the traditional lands of the Musequea, Squamish, Tsleil-Watuth. The Katzie, Kwantlen, Sto:lo, Tswassan- recognized as local First nations.Umbrella Coast Salish- Squaimish and Musqueam have urban reser ves- Musqueam’s language: Henqeminem- no fluent speakers though there are some semifluent speakers- efforts to restore and revitalize language- Squamish: Skwxwu7mesh Snichim- some fluent speakers, working toward language revival (Baloy 2011: 519) From beginning Vancouver’s development aboriginal nonlocal aboriginal people have made the city for temporary or long-term settlement. Great diversity of aboriginal people living on traditional Coast Salish homelands. Vancouver jobs, education and services. Baloy 2011: 520)There are over thirty five First nations groups represented in the city. First Nations groups are represented in the city in additional to Metis and Inuit peoples. There are now over forty thousand people who identify as aboriginal in the Metro Vancouver area. 1/5 of the total aboriginal population in the province. (Baloy 2011: 520) The number of Aboriginal people has risen in Vancouver- 30% since 1996. Aboriginal peoples living in the city continue to grow- (Baloy 2011: 520)In the early 1950’s 7% of aboriginal people in Canada lived in urban settings- Today approximately 54% of aboriginal people now living in cities. 0% in B. C Moving back and forth between city and reserve. Though many identify with a particular Native heritage and homeland, their aboriginal life is situated in city life (Baloy 2011: 520) Despite urbanization- language revitalization work has maintained mostly an on-reserve focus- reflects wider trends in social science research on aboriginal people as well as mainstream understandings of aboriginal identity (520) Cities or places that had the potential for economic development Why the city has been ignored for so long? Rural aboriginal homelands- rural bound up in colonial histories- Themes of genocide, dispossession of land, and aboriginal government relations emphasize these geo-demographic patterns Reserves are native space- Colonial practice placed reserves in their favor. By interrogating these processes scholars can avoid reifying colonial practices that have contributed to trop of rural aboriginal homelands. Peoples from communities across B. C and Canada have ow moved to Vancouver to live dwell on Coast Salish homelands an urban environment (524) negotiating cultural protocol in such diverse context can become somewhat impler when local people are emphaisized. Outsiders still honor the Coast Salish homelands and attempts to rvitalize language. Some people believe that the world would be a better place if we all spoke the same language. If this is true, and the world’s sole language somehow ended up being Arabic for instance, I wonder what life would be like not being able to converse with someone else in my mother tongue.My world would be inevitably enveloped in silence, I would not be able to coherently articulate stories of my heritage nor utter words that could cohesively encompass the full expression of who I am. It is undeniable that this would possibly be one of the loneliest states of existence imaginable. Unfortunately, such an unthinkable condition is in fact a stark reality for some peoples in the world. This phenomenon has mainly tightened its grasp on to weakened Indigenous communities whose dying tongues have been systematically forced to the edge of extinction on a global scale.As languages continue to disappear from the face of humanity’s cultural diversity, the need to address this issue becomes increasingly more pertinent. Unlike learning French or Spanish, within Indigenous communities, learning a language is ultimately a spiritual process. It gives peace, a sense of reality, a sense of peace. In an urban setting, learning an aboriginal language can enrich one’s links with other people from the same nation or strengthen connections to one’s aboriginal heritage on deeper personal level. Meeting these language goals requires approaches different from long-term language learning.The most intensive projects for lan guage workers and learners aim to develop conversational, everyday use of language. (530) New words in the urban setting- like the internet, or the elevator that are not readily at hand for aboriginal peoples. This fast pace, changing the modern world is almost impossible for English to keep up with. (530) Many of their words are obsolete. Conversely, words that aboriginal langues do have in abundance, such as vocabulary related to local food procurement and specfic land features have limited relevance in the urban setting. Language is obsolete in that sense. 530) It’s now up to the community to change language to fit the city-dwellers needs. Thus making IDEOLOGICAL places for language in the city involves identifying how aboriginal languages can fit into urban people’s lives, integrating how aboriginal languages (531) What is offered in the inclusion of Native Languages in the lives of urban aboriginal people. Research participants suggest that urban language learning can have wide-ranging effects: it can strengthen individuals bonds with their own identity and their test to homelands, community building efforts.We can’t feel our mother, we can’t feel our language. Being cut from the land they are literally cut from all meaning language. (537) Musqueam, Squamish and other local nations- resilience, connections between land, language and identity remain strong and resilient. The close connection between language and the land. Have developed by geography. Getting out in the wilderness is where language makes sense- where language is manifested. Noting that sounds emulate the land. The diversity of languages in BC- physical geography of B. C (324)